Wazalwa:Ngowama-384 BC
Wafa eneminyaka: 62
Ilizwe lokuzalwa: Grisi
Uzalwe e:IStagira, eGrisi
Idume njenge:Isithandi sobulumko
Iingcaphuno zika-Aristotle Izithandi zobulumko
Usapho:Iqabane / Ex-:UHerpyllis waseStageira, uPythias
utata:UNicomachus
abantwana:UPythias Omncinci (Ntombi); UNicomachus
Usweleke kwi:322 BC
indawo yokufa:ICalcis, iGrisi
Ubuntu: ENTJ
Izifo kunye nokukhubazeka: Uyathintitha / Uyathintitha
Iinkcukacha ezithe kratyaImfundo:IPlatonic Academy (367 BC - 347 BC)
Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiKuyacetyiswa Wena
IThales ukukrwaqula Anaximander I-EratosthenesWayengubani uAristotle?
UAristotle wayesisithandi sobulumko nesazinzulu esingumGrike, esasisaziwa ngokuba ngumfundisi-ntsapho ka-Alexander the Great. Wayengumfundi kaPlato kwaye uthathwa njengomntu obalulekileyo kwifilosofi yaseNtshona. Eyaziwayo ngokubhala kwakhe kwi-physics, metaphysics, imibongo, i-theatre, umculo, i-logic, i-rhetoric, i-linguistics, ezopolitiko, urhulumente, i-esthetics, i-ethics, i-biology, i-zoology, i-zoology, i-economics kunye ne-psychology, wayeqwalaselwa kakhulu phambi kwexesha lakhe. Imibhalo yakhe iyinkqubo yokuqala ebanzi yefilosofi yaseNtshona ebandakanya izimvo malunga nokuziphatha kunye nobuhle, ingqiqo kunye nesayensi, ezopolitiko kunye ne-metaphysics. Le nkqubo yaba yintsika exhasayo yokucinga yamaSilamsi kunye neyamaKristu. Kuze kuthiwe mhlawumbi wayeyindoda yokugqibela eyayinolwazi lwazo zonke iinkalo ezaziwayo ngelo xesha. Ulwazi lwakhe lobukrelekrele luvela kuwo onke amabakala esayensi kunye nobugcisa belo xesha. Enye yezona zinto aziphumezileyo yayikukuyila inkqubo egqityiweyo yokuqiqa ngokufanelekileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Aristotelian syllogistic. Elinye igalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo lalikuphuhliso lwezilwanyana. Kuyinyani ukuba i-zoology ka-Aristotle ngoku iphelelwe lixesha kodwa umsebenzi wakhe negalelo lakhe belingenamceli mngeni de kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19. Igalelo lakhe kwizifundo ezininzi kunye nefuthe lakhe limenza ukuba abe ngomnye wabantu abadumileyo nabona baphambili kumaxesha onke.Uluhlu olucetyiswayo:Uluhlu olucetyiswayo:
Iimodeli eziDumileyo zeNdima ongathanda ukudibana nazo Abona bantu banempembelelo kwimbali Abantu abadumileyo esinqwenela ukuba babesaphila Ezona ngqondo zibalaseleyo kwimbali
Ityala lemifanekiso https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yw1qLrkSiM (UGregory B. Sadler)
Ityala lemifanekiso https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ifayile:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg (Emva kweLysippos / indawo yoluntu)
Ityala lemifanekiso https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ifayile:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg (Emva kweLysippos / indawo yoluntu)Wena ngokwakhoQhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsi Umsebenzi UAristotle waba yintloko yesikolo sasebukhosini eMakedoni. Apha waba ngumqeqeshi, kungekuphela kuAlexander kodwa nakwabanye ookumkani ababini bexesha elizayo - uCassander noPtolemy. Kwindima yakhe njengomhlohli kuAlexander, wamkhuthaza ukuba oyise empuma. Ngonyaka ka-335 BC, wabuyela eAthene apho waseka esakhe isikolo esibizwa ngokuba yi ‘Lyceum.’ Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini elandelayo, wafundisa izifundo ezahlukeneyo kwisikolo sakhe. Kwafika ixesha laxa ubudlelwane phakathi kuka-Alexander no-Aristotle bahlukana. Oku mhlawumbi kungenxa yobudlelwane buka-Alexander nePersi. Nangona kukho ubungqina obuncinci, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba uAristotle wadlala indima ekufeni kuka-Alexander. Emva kokubhubha kuka-Alexander, uluvo oluchasene neMakedoni eAthene lwavutha. Ngo-322 BC, u-Eurymedon uHierophant wamgxeka ngokungabambeki koothixo, kwaye uAristotle wabalekela eChalcis, kwilifa losapho lukanina.
Iingcinga kunye neMinikelo U-Aristotle kukholelwa ukuba ubeke iingcinga zakhe ngexesha lika-335-323 BC. Ubhale inani leengxoxo ngeli xesha. Ngelishwa, ngamaqhekeza kuphela ala maqhekeza asindileyo kwaye akwimo yemibhalo. Ezi bezingajoliswanga kupapasho olubanzi kwaye bezenzelwe ukuba zisetyenziswe njengezifundo kubafundi. ‘Iimbongi,’ ‘iMetaphysics,’ ‘Ezopolitiko,’ ‘iPhysics,’ ‘iDe Anima,’ kunye ‘neNicomachean Ethics’ zithathwa njengezona zibalulekileyo kuye. Akafundanga phantse sonke isifundo kodwa wenza negalelo elibonakalayo kuninzi lwazo. Phantsi kwesayensi, uAristotle wafunda wabhala kwi-astronomy, anatomy, embryology, geology, geography, meteorology, zoology, and physics. Ngaphantsi kwefilosofi, wabhala malunga nokuziphatha, i-aesthetics, urhulumente, ezopolitiko, i-metaphysics, i-economics, i-rhetoric, i-psychology kunye ne-theology. Ukongeza kuko konke oku kungentla, wafunda noncwadi, imibongo kunye namasiko kumazwe awahlukeneyo. UAristotle wafunda kwaye wabhala kwizifundo ezininzi nakwizihloko, kodwa ngelishwa sisinye kwisithathu semibhalo yakhe yantlandlolo esindileyo. Imibhalo elahlekileyo ibandakanya imibongo, iileta, iingxoxo kunye nezincoko ezibhalwe ngendlela yePlato. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi yaziwa kwihlabathi lonke ngokubhalwa kukaDiogenes Laertius nabanye. Igalelo kwifilosofi Njengomfundisi-ntsapho wakhe uPlato, ifilosofi yakhe ikwajolise kwindalo iphela, kodwa i-ontology yakhe ifumanisa indalo iphela kwizinto ezithile, yiyo loo nto ubuchwephesha besiseko sakhe busekwe kuphononongo lweziganeko ezithile ezikhoyo okanye ezenzekayo emhlabeni kwaye lunyukela kulwazi . Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsi Ubuye waxoxa ngendlela ulwazi olunokutsalwa ngayo kwizinto ngokutsalwa kunye nokuthathwa. Yayiyingcamango yakhe yokuncitshiswa eyayibunjwe 'yiSyllogism' zizithandi zobulumko zanamhlanje. Izibini zezindululo zabizwa ngokuba ziiContraries nguye. I-Syllogism yimpikiswano esengqiqweni apho umxholo wesiphelo uthathwa kumabini okanye nangaphezulu kwenye indawo yohlobo oluthile. Oku kwachazwa nguye emsebenzini wakhe 'Ngaphambi koHlahlo-lwabiwo mali' apho wayechaza ezona zinto ziphambili zokuqiqa ngonxibelelwano olukhethekileyo nolubandakanyayo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ezi zibonisiwe kwimizobo yeVenn. Ifilosofi yakhe ayibonelelanga kuphela inkqubo yokuqiqa kodwa yayihambelana nokuziphatha. Wayechaze 'indlela yokuziphatha' awayebhekisa kuyo njengokuhlala okuhle kwiNichomachean Ethics. Uye wathetha nange-Philosophy eSebenzayo apho wayecinga ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokuziphatha iyinxalenye yesifundo endaweni yokufunda. Umsebenzi wakhe osihloko sithi ‘Politics’ wawukhanyisa umzi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, isixeko luluntu lwendalo. Umntu ngendalo sisilwanyana sezopolitiko yile nto ayithethileyo. Unikwe ikhredithi ngokuba ngoyena mntu wokuqala ukufunda uluvo olusemthethweni. Isithandi sobulumko esidumileyo uKant kwincwadi yakhe ethi 'The Critique of Pure Reason' ithi ingcamango ka-Aristotle yokuqiqa yayisisiseko sokuthathelwa ingqalelo. 
Izicatshulwa: Umphefumlo Igalelo kwinzululwazi Nangona engenakubizwa ngokuba sisazinzulu ngokwenkcazo yanamhlanje, inzululwazi yenye yeendawo awayeziphanda kakhulu kwaye wazifunda, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe ‘eLyceum.’ Inkolelo yakhe yayikukuba ukusebenzisana nezinto ezibonakalayo kuyanceda ekufumaneni ulwazi. Uye wenza uphando nakwibhayoloji. Ulwahlula izilwanyana zibe ziintlobo ngesiseko segazi. Izilwanyana ezinegazi elibomvu zazizizidalwa ezinomqolo kwaye izilwanyana ezingenagazi zazibizwa ngokuba zii ‘cephalopods.’ Kwakukho ukungachani okuthe ngqo kule hypothesis, kodwa yayithathwa njengesiqhelo iminyaka emininzi. Uvavanye ngokusondeleyo i-biology yaselwandle ngokunjalo. Uvavanye i-anatomy yezinto zaselwandle ngokusasaza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba ngokungafaniyo nokuhlelwa kwakhe kwendalo, ukujonga kwakhe kubomi baselwandle kwakuchanekile. Ingxelo yakhe ethi ‘iMeteorology’ inika ubungqina bokuba wafunda nesayensi yomhlaba. Ngemeteorology, wayengathethi nje ukuba kufundiswa imozulu kodwa ikwabandakanya uphononongo olubanzi malunga nomjikelo wamanzi, iintlekele zendalo, iziganeko zeenkwenkwezi, njl. Igalelo kwiPsychology Abaphengululi abaninzi bamthatha uAristotle njengoyise wokwenene wengqondo, kuba unoxanduva lwenkqubo yethiyori kunye nefilosofi ebenegalelo ekuqalekeni kwengqondo yokuqala. Incwadi yakhe 'De Anima' (Emoyeni) ithathwa njengencwadi yokuqala kwizifundo zengqondo. Wayenenkxalabo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kweenkqubo zengqondo kunye nesiseko somzimba. Wayephikisa ukuba ingqondo inamandla okusebenza ngaphandle komzimba, kwaye ayibonakali kwaye ayifi. Ubeka ukuba ubukrelekrele buqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini: ubukrelekrele bokwenza kunye nokuqonda okusebenzayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umculo, imibongo, umdlalo ohlekisayo, intlekele, njl. Uye wathi ezi zinto zilingiswayo zahlukile ngokwendlela, indlela, okanye into. Inkolelo yakhe yayikukuba ukuxelisa kwakuyinxalenye yendalo yabantu kwaye kusebenza njengenye yeenzuzo eziphambili zoluntu kunezilwanyana. Imisebenzi emikhulu U-Aristotle wabhala malunga ne-200 yemisebenzi kwaye uninzi lwazo lwalukwimo yamanqaku kunye noyilo. Le misebenzi iquka iingxoxo, iirekhodi zokuqwalaselwa kwesayensi kunye nemisebenzi yenkqubo. Le misebenzi yayijongwa ngumfundi wakhe uTheophrastus emva koko nguNeleus. Imisebenzi yakhe ephambili ibandakanya 'iRhetoric' kunye 'noEudemus' (Emphefumlweni). Uye wabhala ngefilosofi, Alexander, Sophistes, ubulungisa, ubutyebi, umthandazo kunye nemfundo. ‘Iimbongi,’ ‘iMetaphysics,’ ‘Ezopolitiko,’ ‘iPhysics,’ ‘iDe Anima,’ kunye ‘neNicomachean Ethics’ zithathwa njengezona zibalulekileyo kuye. Qhubeka nokuFunda ezantsi komsebenzi ka-Aristotle 'kwi-Poetics' enencwadi ezimbini- enye yayikwintlekele kwaye enye yayihlekisa. Ubomi boBuntu kunye nelifa Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eAsia Minor, uAristotle watshata noPythias ekuthiwa ngumtshana okanye intombi yomtshato owamkelekileyo kaHermias. Intombi yazalelwa esi sibini sabathiya uPythias. Emva kokubhubha komfazi wakhe uPythias, wabopha iqhina noHerpyllis waseStagira, owazala unyana. Wamthiya unyana wakhe ngegama likayise uNicomachus. Ngokutsho kweSuda (intyilalwazi yaseByzantine yenkulungwane ye-10 yelizwe lakudala iMeditera), u-Aristotle wayenobudlelwane benkanuko noPalaephatus. Uphefumle okokugqibela ngo-322 BC e-Euboea ngenxa yezizathu zendalo. Ngaphambi kokuba asweleke, wathi umfundi wakhe nguAntipater njengoyena mntu wayeza kuba lilifa lakhe. Uye wabhala nomyolelo apho wayenqwenela ukungcwatywa ecaleni komfazi wakhe. Inqaku Sele kudlule iminyaka engama-2 300, ukanti uAristotle usengoyena mntu unempembelelo kwezakha zakho. Iminikelo yakhe yabonwa phantse kuwo onke amabakala olwazi lomntu olwalukho ngexesha lakhe. Wayekwangumsunguli wamacandelo amaninzi amatsha. Nguye owasungula i-logic esemthethweni kwaye wayenguvulindlela kwisifundo sezilwanyana. UTheophrastus, owangena ezihlangwini zakhe ‘eLyceum,’ wabhala inani leencwadi kwibhodanyani ezazithathwa njengesiseko sezityalo kude kube phakathi kwiminyaka ephakathi. Ambalwa amagama ezityalo akhankanywe nguye aseleyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ukususela kwisiqalo esithobekileyo, 'iLyceum' yakhula yaba sisikolo sePeripatetic. Abanye abafundi abaphawuleka besuka ‘eLyceum’ yayinguAristoxenus, uDicaearchus, uDemetrius wasePhalerum, uEudemos waseRhodes, uHarpalus, uHephaestion, uMnason wasePhocis, noNicomachus. Impembelelo yakhe kuAlexander ayinakuhoywa. Kwakungenxa yempembelelo yakhe apho uAlexander wayesebenzisa amaqela amakhulu ezityalo, izazinge, kunye nabaphandi kunye naye ngexesha lotyelelo lwakhe. Qhubeka nokuFunda ezantsi kuka-Aristotle ukwaphembelele abaphengululi baseByzantium, abafundi bezakwalizwi abangamaSilamsi, kunye nabefundisi bezakwalizwi abangamaKristu baseNtshona, beshiya izazinzulu zexesha elizayo, izithandi zobulumko kunye nabacingeli. Wayekwangumqokeleli wamaqhalo, amaqhina, kwanentsomi. Isikolo sakhe sifunde ngokukodwa amaqhina kaDelphic Oracle kunye neentsomi zeAesop. Iinkcukacha ezili-10 eziphezulu ongazi ngeAristotle Ubizwa ngokuba sisazinzulu sokuqala sokwenene embalini yi-‘Encyclopædia Britannica. ’UAristotle wayesaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwezazi zakudala zamaSilamsi kwaye wayehlonitshwa‘ njengoTitshala Wokuqala. ’ U-Aristotle utyholwa ngokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini ngabaphengululi be-metaphysics yabasetyhini. Kukholelwa ukuba ‘I-Nicomachean Ethics,’ ingqokelela yamanqaku eentetho ka-Aristotle, ithiywa ngegama lonyana wakhe owafa esemncinci emfazweni. Wayengu geocentrist owayekholelwa ukuba umhlaba usembindini wendalo iphela. Wanikela ngeengcamango ezichanekileyo kwezinye iingcamango ezibonakalayo kunezinye izithandi zobulumko zomhla wakhe. UAristotle wahlula malunga neentlobo ezingama-500 zeentaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye neentlanzi. Ukwahlulahlula kwakhe izinto eziphilayo kunento ethile eyayikho ngenkulungwane ye-19. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi 'On the Soul,' wacebisa iindidi ezintathu zemiphefumlo: umphefumlo otya izityalo, umphefumlo ontununtunu, kunye nomphefumlo oqiqayo. U-Aristotle uthathwa njengomseki weengcinga ezisesikweni. Uye wacebisa iingqondo ezincinci ezisakhulayo, uninzi lwazo, kubandakanya u-Aristoxenus, uDicaearchus, uDemetrius wasePhalerum, uMnason wasePhocis, uNicomachus, kunye noTheophrastus baye baba ngabacinga nzulu ngamalungelo abo.
