Usuku lokuzalwa: Epreli 26 , Ngo-1785
Wafa eneminyaka: 65
Umqondiso welanga: ITaurus
Uzalwe e:I-Les Cayes
Idume njenge:I-Naturalist, uPeyinti, iOrnithologist
Amagcisa Iingcali zezilwanyana
Usapho:Iqabane / Ex-:U-Lucy Bakewell
utata:UJean Audubon
umama:UJeanne Rabin
abantwana:UVictor Gifford Audubon
Usweleke kwi: NgoJanuwari 27 , Ngo-1851
indawo yokufa:EManhattan
Iinkcukacha ezithe kratyaImfundo:UJohn Woodhouse Audubon
Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiKuyacetyiswa Wena
UMateyu Grey Gu ... U-Leslie Stefanson UGary Burghoff UTom FrancoNgubani uJohn James Audubon?
UJohn James Audubon, okwabizwa ngokuba nguJean-Jacques Audubon, wayengomnye wabantu ababenegalelo kubugcisa baseMelika. Ngomdla onomdla kwiintaka kunye nokudweba ukususela kwiintsuku zakhe zobuntwana, u-Audubon waba ngumfanekiso obalaseleyo wekhulu le-19. Ukungena kwindalo kunye nokujonga kunye nokuhlola iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaka zaseMelika, wabhala ezi ntlobo ngononophelo kwiincwadi zakhe. Iincwadi zakhe Iinyoni zaseMntla Melika kukholelwa ukuba lelona galelo libalaseleyo kwi-ornithology nakwezobugcisa. Ukusuka ekuzameni kwakhe isandla kumashishini amaninzi ukuya ekulandeleni intliziyo yakhe kwiintaka nakwindalo, u-Audubon wayenobomi obumnandi. Ukususela ekuzalelweni eHaiti ukuya eFrance, eMelika naseNgilani, ngokuqinisekileyo wayegqwesa kwinto awayekuyo. Wazama isandla sakhe kumashishini ahlukeneyo, wasilela kulowo nalowo. Ekugqibeleni, washiya yonke into ukuze abhale iintaka zaseMelika, eshiya umfazi wakhe ukuba anakekele usapho kwaye wazixhasa ngemizobo yokupeyinta kunye nokufundisa. Iziphumo zohambo lwakhe, ezipapashwe njenge-magnum opus yakhe, 'Iintaka zaseMelika', ngoku ithathwa njengomnye wemisebenzi ebalaseleyo ye-ornithological, eyakhe yagqitywa.
Ityala lemifanekiso https://www.instagram.com/p/vjuJnxpF05/ (johnjamesaudubon)
Ityala lemifanekiso http://likesuccess.com/79767AbantwanaQhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiAmagcisa aseMelika kunye nabaPeyinti Amagcisa aMadoda kunye nabaPeyinti I-American Ornithologists EMill Grove Ngexesha lohambo, uJean-Jacques wabulawa yicesina emthubi. Ukufika kwakhe kwisiXeko saseNew York, wabekwa phantsi komfazi wamaQuaker, owayephethe indlu yokuhlala. Ukusuka kuye, wafunda isiNgesi ngokutshintshiselana ngezifundo zokuzoba. Ngexesha elithile ngoku, watshintsha igama lakhe waba nguJohn James Laforest Audubon. UJohn James Audubon wafumana iMill Grove, enamasimi amakhulu neenduli ezigqunywe yimithi, iparadesi. Apha, wakhokela ubomi bendoda yelizwe, echitha ixesha lakhe ekuzingeleni, ekulobeni, ekuzoleni nasemculweni, enganikeli ngqalelo kwimigodi ekhokelayo awayefanele ukuba uyayinyamekela. Apha, waphinda waqala ukubukela kunye nokushicilela iintaka, ejonge ukuzibonisa ngokwenyani kunokuba uninzi lwamagcisa lwenzile. Wayephuma ekuzeni kokusa kwaye abuye emanzi ngumbethe, kwaye ephethe ibhaso elineentsiba, engakhathalelanga ikamva. Kancinci waqala ukurekhoda isimilo sabo. Wayengumntu wokuqala owaziwayo ukuba aye kubopha iintaka eMelika. Ebopha umsonto kwimilenze yeefibi zempuma wayefuna ukubona ukuba zibuyele kwindawo efanayo yokwakha. Ngokwenza njalo, wadibana noLucy Bakewell, owabelana nothando lwakhe kwaye bobabini baqala ukuhlola ihlathi. Ngo-1805, uJohn James Audubon watyelela iFransi, apho wenza ubambiswano noFerdinand Rozier. Amaqabane aya kuthi ekugqibeleni abuyele eMelika, basebenze kunye de kwangowe-1811. Wadibana nendalo uCharles-Marie D'Orbigny kwaye ngoncedo lwakhe waphucula izakhono zakhe kwi-taxidermy. U-D'Orbigny wamfundisa neendlela zenzululwazi zophando. Ekubuyeni kwakhe eMill Grove, u-Audubon waphinda waqalisa ukufundisisa iintaka. Ngexesha, wayenza imyuziyam yakhe yendalo, enamaqanda eentaka, iintlanzi ezifakiweyo, iinyoka, ii-raccoons kunye neeopossum. Kancinci, waba nobuchule ekulungiseleleni i-specimen kunye ne-taxidermy. 
Amadoda eTaurus Usomashishini Malunga no-1807, njengoko umsebenzi wezemigodi ungaphumelelanga ukuzisa ingeniso, uJohn James Audubon kunye neqabane lakhe bathengisa inxenye yelifa, kubandakanya indlu kunye neyam, begcina eseleyo njengotyalo mali. Emva koko, wafudukela eNew York ukuya kufunda urhwebo lokungenisa ngaphandle, kodwa akukho nto yaphuma. Ngo-1808 wafudukela eLouisville, eKentucky. Apho wazama ukuqhuba ivenkile yokutya kunye neqabane lakhe; Kodwa nalapho, ukubukela iintaka nokupeyinta kwahlala kungowona msebenzi wakhe uphambili. Qhubeka nokufunda apha ngezantsi ngo-1810, ngela xesha wayehlala eLouisville, wadibana no-Alexander Wilson, ingcali yezezinyani kwaye wadibana nemiqulu emibini yokuqala yencwadi yakhe, i ‘American Ornithology’. Isenokuba yamkhuthaza ukuba apapashe eyakhe incwadi; kodwa ngenxa yoko kuya kufuneka alinde iminyaka emininzi. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwempahla yaseBritane, ishishini labo lokurhweba eLouisville alinakuphumelela. Ngo-1810, amaqabane ahambisa ishishini labo kwintshona eHenderson. Kodwa apha ukubuya kwakuhlwempuzekile kwaye u-Audubon wayedla ngokuya kuzingela nokuloba ukuze azondle, esenza ukuba abaziyo kunye nendalo basondele. Ayikwazi ukuseka ishishini labo eHenderson, Audubon naseRozier emva koko bafudukela eSte. UGenevieve, ngoku useMissouri. Kulapho, ngo-Epreli 6, 1811, bachitha ubuhlakani babo noRozier bathenga isabelo sika-Audubon. I-Audubon ngoku ibuyele eKentucky kwaye yaqala ukusebenza yodwa. Ngo-1812, ngelixa wayetyelele ePhiladelphia, wathatha ubumi baseMelika. Ukubuya kwakhe, wafumanisa ukuba ingqokelela yakhe yemizobo sele ityiwe ziimpuku. Nangona wayecinezelekile waqala ukusebenza kwakhona, ezimisele ukubenza ngcono. I-Audubon elandelayo icwangcise ukufudukela eNew Orleans. Kodwa njengoko oko kungazange kwenzeke, waqala ubudlelwane kunye nomntakwabo, uThomas Bakewell eHenderson. Emva koko de kwangowe-1819, wayonwabile xa kuthelekiswa izinto, waseka ilitye lokusila, ethenga ipropathi kunye namakhoboka. Umsebenzi kwi-Ornithology Ngo-1819, njengoko umsebenzi ka-Audubon noBakewell wawa phantsi, u-Audubon waphelelwa yimali waza wavalelwa ixesha elifutshane. Ukuphuma kwakhe, waqala ukupeyinta imizobo yokulala, ubugcisa obuxatyiswe kakhulu ngezo ntsuku zangaphambi kokufota. Ngo-Okthobha u-1820, emva kokusebenza ngokufutshane njenge-naturalist kunye ne-taxidermist kwi-Western Museum, eCincinnati, waqala uhambo oluya ezantsi eMississippi, ephethe umpu kunye nebhokisi yakhe yepeyinti, ezimisele ukupeyinta zonke iintaka zaseMntla Melika. Wayehamba nomfundi wakhe, uJoseph Mason, awayemqeshe njengomncedisi wakhe. Ngexesha lolu hambo, wagubungela iMississippi, Alabama, eFlorida, New Orleans, ezixhasa ngokuzoba imifanekiso yamalahle kwimfuno ye- $ 5. Ngelixa wayetsala iintaka, uMason wazoba imbonakalo-mhlaba engemva, eyongeza kakhulu kwixabiso lomsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi kaMason uhambe ungabhalwanga kupapasho lokugqibela. Ngo-Agasti ka-1822, uMason wamshiya waya kusebenza yedwa. U-Audubon ngoku wafunda ukupeyinta ioyile, emva koko wazixhasa ngemizobo yokupeyinta njengoko wayejikeleza. Ngalo lonke elixesha, waqhubeka epeyinta iintaka, ikakhulu eLouisiana naseMississippi. Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsi ngo-1824, waya e-Philadelphia, apho wazama ukufumana umvakalisi ngemisebenzi yakhe yeentaka, kodwa wala. Wadibana noCharles Lucien Bonaparte, owazama ukumenza ukuba amkelwe yiAkhademi yeNzululwazi yezeNdalo; kodwa yasilela ngenxa yenkcaso ngamanye amalungu, ngakumbi uGeorge Ord. 
Izicatshulwa: Indalo,Mna Ukushicilela imisebenzi yakhe Ngomnyaka we-1826, ngengcebiso kaBonaparte kunye noncedo lomfazi wakhe, u-Audubon waya eNgilani ngemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala engama-250 kwiintaka, efuna inkxaso yezemali kunye neengcali zeengcali kunye nabashicileli. Apha wabamba imiboniso eLiverpool naseManchester, apho imisebenzi yakhe yamkelwa ngehlombe. Ukuthatha imirhumo, kungekudala wakwazi ukufumana imali eyaneleyo yokuqalisa ukushicilela. Inesihloko esithi, 'Iintaka zaseMelika', le ncwadi yapapashwa kumacandelo aphakathi kwowe-1827 nowe-1838. Yalandelwa yinto elandelwayo, eyayinesihloko esithi 'Ornithological Biographies'. Phakathi kuka-1828 no-1839, u-Audubon wabuyela eMelika ngamaxesha amaninzi, eqokelela izinto ezininzi zencwadi. Ngeli xesha, wayetyelele kuMbindi we-Atlantic States ngo-1829, kumazantsi mpuma ngo-1831-1832, eyinxalenye yeLabrador ngo-1833 kunye noMzantsi-ntshona ngo-1837. Ngo-1841, wathenga umhlaba weehektare ezingama-20 eManhattan, apho ahlala khona de wasweleka ngo-1851. Ngeli xesha, wayila uhlelo lwe-octavo 'yeeNtaka zaseMelika', esongeza iipleyiti ezintsha ezingama-65 kuyo. Waqala nokusebenza kwi-'Viviparous Quadrupeds yaseNyakatho Melika ', kodwa akakwazanga ukuyigqiba. Umsebenzi omkhulu UJohn James Audubon waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuqhawula umhlaba osihloko sithi, 'Iintaka zaseMelika'. Ipapashwe kwimiqulu esibhozo, inemifanekiso epeyintwe ngesandla yeentaka ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane, ifumene iMelika yaseMelika. Phakathi kwezi ntaka, zintlanu ngoku ziphelile. Ngelixa wayesebenza, wabamba iintaka ezifileyo kwizinto ezinje ngobomi ngokusebenzisa ucingo kunye nomsonto, kamva wazibonisa ngombala wamanzi kunye neefestile, ngamanye amaxesha esebenzisa ipensile, amalahle, itshokhwe, igouache kunye ne-inki. Uhlelo lokuqala lwencwadi luboniswa ngokusisigxina kwilayibrari yaseWatkinson yeKholeji yaseTrinity, eConnecticut. Amabhaso kunye neMpumelelo Ngo-Matshi 18, 1830, u-Audubon wanyulwa njengelungu leRoyal Society, eLondon. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, wonyulwa waya kwiAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wayengumlingane weRoyal Society yase-Edinburg kunye neLinnean Society yaseLondon. Ubomi boBuntu kunye nelifa Ngo-1803, ekufikeni kwakhe eMill Grove, uJohn James Audubon wadibana nomnini welifa elikufutshane, uWilliam Bakewell kunye nentombi yakhe uLucy. Ekugqibeleni, banomdla oqhelekileyo, yena noLucy basondelelana. Kodwa kwafuneka balinde de kube li-1808 ngaphambi kokuba bafumane imvume kayise yokutshata. Esi sibini sasinabantwana abane; oonyana ababini ogama linguVictor Gifford Audubon noJohn Woodhouse Audubon; kunye neentombi ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba nguLucy noRose. Ngelixa amantombazana asweleke ebuntwaneni la makhwenkwe mabini ayakuthi ngenye imini ancede utata wawo ukupapasha umsebenzi wakhe. UJohn Woodhouse Audobon naye waba yindalo ngokwalo. Ngasekupheleni kobomi bakhe, impilo ka-Audubon yaqala ukusilela kwaye ukusukela ngo-1848, waqala wahlushwa sisifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, ekugqibeleni wasweleka nge-27 kaJanuwari, ngo-1851 kwikhaya lakhe losapho eManhattan. Ulele wangcwatywa kwiCawe yokuThethelela kumangcwaba e-Trinity Church naseMausoleum. Ngomnyaka we-1899, indawo ejikeleze iMill Grove, ikhaya lakhe lokuqala eMelika, wabhaptizwa ngu-Audubon njengembeko. Indlu ngoku yaziwa njengeZiko likaJohn James Audubon eMill Grove kwaye isebenza njengeziko lemfundo leNational Audubon Society, ebandakanywe ngo-1905. Uneepaki ezininzi kunye neendawo ezingcwele ezinamagama emva kwakhe kungekuphela nje kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo e-USA, kodwa naseFrance. Inkonzo yeposi yase-United States ikhuphe isitampu sama-22 samaGreat American sentsimbi kuwonga.
