Usuku lokuzalwa: Ngomhla we-8 kaMeyi , 1753 Abantu abadumileyo abamnyama bazalwe nge-8 kaMeyi
Wafa eneminyaka: 31
Umqondiso welanga: ITaurus
Uzalwe e:ENtshona Afrika
Idume njenge:Imbongi
Iingcaphuno zikaPhillis Wheatley Iimbongi
Usapho:Iqabane / Ex-:UJohn Peters (m. 1778-1784)
Usweleke kwi: Nge-5 kaDisemba , Ngo-1784
indawo yokufa:IBoston, eMassachusetts, eU.S.
Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiKuyacetyiswa Wena
URon Cephas Jones UJoyce Carol Oates UWendell Berry USherman AlexieNgubani uPhillis Wheatley?
UPhillis Wheatley wayengumbongi wokuqala opapashiweyo wase-Afrika-waseMelika. Wazalelwa phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, mhlawumbi kwiindawo ezikufutshane naseSenegal. Ukubanjwa malunga neminyaka esixhenxe, wathengiswa kusapho lwaseBostonia njengekhoboka lasekhaya. Njengokwesiko ngezo ntsuku, usapho lwathiya igama lakhe nguPhillis emva kwenqanawa yamakhoboka eyayimzisile, ikwanika negama labo uG Wheatley. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abaphethe amakhoboka, bamnika imfundo kwaye bamkhuthaza ukuba abhale imibongo. Kungekudala, waba yinxalenye yekhaya kwaye usapho lwaluthatha umdla ekupapasheni incwadi yakhe ekuphela kwayo, 'Imibongo ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo, ezenkolo nezokuziphatha', ukumkhulula kungekudala emva koko. Ukungawufanelanga nawuphi na umsebenzi onzima, ubomi bakhe emva kokufa kwabaxhamli bakhe bachitha kwintlupheko. Ukusebenza njengeqabane lomfazi, uqhubeke nokubhala, kodwa akakwazanga ukupapasha ingqokelela yakhe yesibini yemibongo yokufuna ukubhaliswa. Imbongi, eyayimenywe nguGeorge Washington ukuba ifunde imibongo, yasweleka yodwa kwaye ingakhathalelwanga kwindlu ekuhlalwa kuyo phakathi kwendlala enkulu, eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ananye.
Ababhali beTaurus Ababhali babafazi Iimbongi zaseMelika Imbongi Evelayo Ngelixa i-'On Messrs. UHassey noCoffin 'yayingumsebenzi wakhe wokuqala opapashiweyo, abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba umbongo wakhe wokuqala, owabhalwa eneminyaka elishumi elinambini, wawusithi' KwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge eNew England '. Ipapashwe kamva kakhulu kwi-1773, lo mbongo ubhekisa kubafundi beYunivesithi yaseHarvard 'njengoonyana besayensi'. Ukususela kumbongo, sinokuqokelela ukuba ngelo xesha, wayesele engumKristu ozinikeleyo. Ubulele uThixo ngokumzisa ngokukhuselekileyo e-USA kwaye wakhumbuza abafundi, ngendlela uYesu athe wabaphalazela ngayo igazi, ebacela ukuba baphephe ububi. Ewe, inkolo yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yakhe. Ukumodareyitha imibongo yakhe kwiimbongi ezidumileyo zelo xesha, ingakumbi uAlexander Pope, uqhubekile nokubhala, epapashe umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ngo-1765. Nangona kunjalo, nangona wayemthanda uPopu, akazange azame ukubhala isatire, enye yeempawu zakhe eziphambili zoncwadi. Nangona uninzi lwabamhlophe baseBostonia babemthanda, wayeyazi kakhulu ukuba wayeselikhoboka, engalingani nabo kwaye ke engabhali nto inokubakhubekisa. Kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha zemihla ngemihla, wayegcina umgama ohloniphekileyo, angaze abelane ngetafile, nokuba umenyiwe. Ukuya kuKumkani oBalaseleyo kuKumkani ', ebhalwe ngo-1768, ngomnye wemisebenzi yakhe ephambili ngeli xesha. Kule nkondlo, wancoma uKing George III waseNgilani ngokurhoxisa uMthetho weSitampu. Emva kwexesha, njengoko iMvukelo yaseMelika yaya ikhula ngamandla, waqala ukubhala ngokwembono yekoloniyali. Kwakhona ngo-1768, wabhala wathi, 'Ekuvelisweni kweAfrika ukuya eMelika'. Umbongo wakhe opapashiweyo, owawubhekisa ebukhobokeni bakhe. Kuyo, wagxeka abamhlophe baseMelika, esithi, Khumbulani, maKrestu, maNegro, abamnyama njengoKayin / ngoMeyi angacocwa, kwaye ajoyine uloliwe weengelosi. Nangona imibhalo yakhe yayixatyiswa kakhulu kwisangqa esivaliweyo, kwafuneka alinde de kube li-1770 ukuze amkelwe kwilizwe liphela. Kwakuloo nyaka kanye, wabhala i-elegy, 'Ekufeni kukaMfu. Mnu. George Whitefield', eyafumana ingqalelo kwilizwe lakhe. Ngo-1772, wayeqokelele ingqokelela yemibongo engamashumi amabini anesibhozo ukuze ipapashwe kwifom yencwadi. NgoFebruwari, ngoncedo lukaNksk. Wheatley, wabaleka intengiso zababhalisi kumaphephandaba aseBoston, kodwa wasilela ukufumana nayiphi na impendulo. Beqonda ukuba abamhlophe baseMelika bebengekakulungeli ukuxhasa umnqweno wekhoboka laseAfrika, ngoku babuyela e-Great Britain, bethumela umbongo we 'Whitefield' kuSelina Hastings, Countess waseHuntingdon. Isenokuba ngenxa yokuba uWhitefield wayengumfundisi kuye, weza ngaphambili ukuba kupapashwe ingqokelela kaWhitney. Qhubeka nokufunda apha ngezantsi kwakhona ngo-1772, wanyanzelwa ukuba akhusele imibongo yakhe enkundleni kuba uninzi lwabantu abamhlophe baseMelika babuthandabuza ubunyani bayo. Wavavanywa zizikhanyiso zaseBoston ezinje ngoJohn Erving, uMfundisi uCharles Chauncey, uJohn Hancock, uThomas Hutchinson noAndrew Oliver, abathi kamva bangqina imisebenzi yakhe. Ubuye wafumana inkxaso kuBenjamin Rush. Ngo-Meyi ka-1773, wayehamba noNathaniel Wheatley kuhambo lweshishini oluya eNgilane. Apho, ngoncedo luka-Countess waseHuntingdon, wayenengqokelela yakhe kuphela yemibongo ethi, ‘Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral’, eyapapashwa ngoSeptemba 1, 1773. Olu hambo lwaluphumelele nasentlalweni, lwamkelwa ngabaninzi ababephelisa umthetho. Ngaphandle kwalonto, wabuyela eBoston kwakule nyanga inye ngenxa yokugula kwenkosikazi yakhe, owasweleka kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva nge-3 ka-Matshi 1774. Kodwa ngaphambi koko, uPhillis wakhululwa ngo-Okthobha u-18, 1773. 
Iimbongi zaseMelika zaseMelika Ababhali baseMelika baseMelika Abafazi beTaurus Umfazi okhululekileyo Nangona uPhillis Wheatley wayelikhoboka phantse bonke ubomi bakhe, akazange abone ubunzima obabuyinxalenye yobomi bamakhoboka. Endaweni yoko, wayekhokele ubomi obukhuselweyo kwindlu yase Wheatley. Kodwa imeko yatshintsha kungekudala emva kokuba ekhululekile. Ngokusweleka kwenkosikazi yakhe ngo-1774, kaMnu. Wheatley nentombi yakhe, uMary, ngo-1778, ubomi bakhe baba buhlungu ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kwaba kubi ngakumbi, xa ngokuchasene neengcebiso zabahlobo bakhe abasondeleyo watshata nomntu omnyama wasimahla, uJohn Peters. Nangona kunjalo, uqhubeke nokubhala. Ngo-1775, wathumela ikopi yombongo, ‘KuMhlekazi, uGeorge Washington’. Kunyaka olandelayo, wammema ukuba amtyelele kwikomkhulu lakhe eCambridge, eMassachusetts. Wadibana naye ngo-Matshi 1776 kwaye ngo-Epreli lo mbongo waphinde wapapashwa kwiGazethi yasePennsylvania. Ngo-1779, uG Wheatley wazama ukupapasha ingqokelela yesibini yemibongo yakhe. Ngelo xesha, bonke abaxhamli bakhe ngaphandle kukaNathaniel babeswelekile. Naye wayetshatile wafudukela eNgilani. Wheatley wayelindele uncedo kubahlobo bakhe bevangeli; kodwa ngenxa yemfazwe kwaye imeko yezoqoqosho imbi, akukho nto yavela. Phakathi kwe-30 ka-Okthobha kunye ne-18 ka-Disemba 1779, wabaleka iintengiso ezintandathu ecela ababhalisile ngevolumu enikezelwe kwiLungelo le-Hon. UBenjamin Franklin, uEsq: Omnye woonozakuzaku baseMelika kwiNkundla yaseFrance. Kodwa ngeli xesha, abamhlophe baseMelika benqabile ukuphendula. Qhubeka nokufunda apha ngezantsi Incwadi yayiya kubandakanya imibongo engamashumi amathathu anesithathu kunye noonobumba abalishumi elinesithathu. Kodwa, njengoko esilele ukufumana umpapashi, bahlala naye. Ekugqibeleni, uninzi lwemibongo lwalahleka. Nangona kunjalo, eminye imibongo eseleyo yapapashwa kwiminyaka emibini emva kokubhubha kwakhe kumaphephandaba nakwiincwadana. Kule minyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, kwafuneka ajongane nentlupheko enkulu, kufuneka azigcine ngokusebenza njengomfazi onomdla. Nangona kunjalo, uqhubeke nokubhala. Umbongo wokugqibela awayekwazi ukuwupapasha wawusithi ‘Liberty and Peace’ (1784); kuyo yavuyisana neMelika ngokuphumelela kwayo iNgilane. Imisebenzi emikhulu UPhillis Wheatley ukhunjulwa kakhulu ngombongo wakhe we-1768 othi, 'On Brought from Africa to America'. Umbongo onamandla malunga nobukhoboka, uphendula inkxalabo yakhe malunga nokungalingani ngokobuhlanga, usebenzisa ubuKristu ukukhanyisa umxholo. Lo mbongo uvele kwincwadi yakhe ekuphela kwayo epapashiweyo, 'Imibongo ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo, ezenkolo nezokuziphatha', yona ngokwayo yenza uvakalelo eNgilani naseMelika. Njengokuba uninzi lwabamhlophe belungavumi ukukholelwa ukuba abantsundu bayakwazi ukubhala isihobe, kuye kwafuneka apapashe ubungqina, obenziwe ngabantu baseBostonia abadumileyo, kwintshayelelo. Imibongo ngezihloko ezahlukileyo, ezenkolo nezokuziphatha 'ibalulekile nakwezinye izizathu. Yayiyincwadi yesibini ukupapashwa ngumntu wase-Afrika-waseMelika kunye nencwadi yokuqala ukupapashwa ngumfazi omnyama. Yavula umnyango kwabanye ababhali base-Afrika nabaseMelika, ibakhuthaza ukuba benze imbali. 
Ubomi boBuntu kunye nelifa Ngo-Epreli 1, 1778, uG Wheatley watshata noJohn Peters, owayemnyama kwaye enesimilo emnyama simahla, awayemazi iminyaka emihlanu. Wayenqwenela ukuba mkhulu, ezibiza ngokuba nguGqirha uPeter, esenza umthetho kwaye egcina ivenkile kwivenkile yokutya. Nangona kunjalo, ubuchule beshishini lakhe aluhambelani namaphupha akhe. Kungekudala emva komtshato wabo bafudukela eWilmington, eMassachusetts. Ngokukhawuleza babuyela eBoston bamisa ikhaya labo kwicandelo lokudilika kwesi sixeko. Ngaphandle kokuzama konke okusemandleni akhe, uPeter wayengafumani msebenzi kwaye imeko yabo yezemali yayihlupheka imihla ngemihla. Ukuphepha ababolekisi kunye nokufumana imisebenzi emitsha uPeter wamshiya rhoqo ngokwaneleyo. Ngeli xesha lokuxinana, uG Wheatley waqala ukusebenza njengebhinqa elinomtsalane, ngaxeshanye eqhubeka nokubhala imibongo kunye nokuzama ukuzipapasha. Ngomnyaka we-1784, uPetros wayevalelwe ngamatyala akhe, eshiya uG Wheatley ukuba asebenze njengesicakakazi kwindawo yokuhlala ukuze azondle yena kunye nendodana yakhe esaphila. Nangona kungekho ngxelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba wazala uPeter abanye abantwana ababini, bobabini abasweleke besebusana. UWhitney onempilo enkenenkene wayengakuqhelanga ukusebenza nzima. Ngokukhawuleza wagula kwaye wasweleka ngo-Disemba 5, 1784, eyedwa kwaye engakhathalelwanga phakathi kobuhlwempu obungenasiphelo eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ananye. Unyana wakhe osana naye wasweleka kwangaxeshanye. Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yakhe, 'iMemoir kunye neMibongo kaPhillis Wheatley', yapapashwa emva kokuba efile ngo-1834 kunye 'neeleta zikaPhillis Wheatley, iNegro Slave-Poet yaseBoston' eyapapashwa ngo-1864. Kule minyaka, imisebenzi yakhe yayihlala ikhankanywa ngabaguqukeli ukuba bayilahle inkolelo, eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabamhlophe baseMelika, ukuba amaNegroes ayengaphantsi kwengqondo kwaye bekhuthaza imfundo phakathi kwabo. Uye waphefumlela abantu abaninzi base-Afrika ukuba babhale. Ngo-2003, wabonakaliswa kwiSikhumbuzo sabaseTyhini saseBoston, esikwi-Commonwealth Avenue, enomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, kamva wakhunjulwa kwiBoston Women's Heritage Trail. IHolo leWheatley e-UMass Boston, ePhyllis Wheatley YWCA eWashington, D.C; kunye nePhyllis Wheatley High School eHouston, eTexas bonke babizwa ngegama lakhe.
