Usuku lokuzalwa: Julayi 18 , Ngo-1918 Abantu abadumileyo abamnyama bazalwa nge-18 kaJulayi
Wafa eneminyaka: 95
Umqondiso welanga: Umhlaza
Uzalwe e:Mvezo
Idume njenge:Itshantliziyo lokulwa ucalucalulo, uMongameli we-ANC kunye nalowo wayesakuba nguMongameli woMzantsi Afrika
Iingcaphuno Ngu Nelson Mandela Umvuzo weNobel woxolo
umbono wezopolitiko:Umbutho ophethe ilizwe
Usapho:
Iqabane / Ex-: ENFJ
Alumni:KwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare
Iinkcukacha ezithe kratyaImfundo:IYunivesithi yaseFort Hare, iYunivesithi yaseLondon Inkqubo engaphandle, iYunivesithi yoMzantsi Afrika, iYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand
amabhaso:Ngo-1980-iJawaharlal Nehru Award
Ngo-1993-Ibhaso eliNqabileyo
Ngo-1990-Ibhaso leBharat Ratna
Ngo-1990-Ibhaso loLenin loXolo
Ngo-1991-Ibhaso lamaLungelo oLuntu likaCarter-Menil
I-1992-Imbasa yeNishan-e-Pakistan
Ngo-1999-Ibhaso loxolo lase-Atatürk
2001-Ibhaso loXolo leLizwe jikelele likaGandhi
Kuyacetyiswa Wena
UGrace Machel UCyril Ramaphosa Jacob Zuma UFW de KlerkWayengubani uNelson Mandela?
Okumangalisayo kukuba, igama lakhe elibhaptiziweyo, 'Rolihlahla' elithetha 'umenzi wenkathazo', wahlangana kakuhle nobuntu bakhe kwiminyaka ekhulayo njengoko uNelson Mandela wabangela ingxaki enkulu kurhulumente woMzantsi Afrika, ngalo mbutho walwa nocalucalulo kunye neendlela zenguqu. Ilifa ‘lemvukelo enekratshi’ kunye ‘nembono yokulunga evela kuyise, uMandela wakhuliswa kwindawo yamaKrestu aseWesile. Ukusukela emncinci, wayezibandakanya kwezopolitiko ezichasene nobukoloniyali, nezakhokelela ekubeni ajoyine i-ANC. Ukwamkelwa kwaba yimbali kungekuphela kubomi bukaMandela kodwa kubo bonke abantu belizwe loMzantsi Afrika, njengoko ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kwilizwe elingenalucalulo. Uphefumlelwe nguGandhi kwaye wazibophelela kumzabalazo ongenabundlobongela, kodwa uMandela wafudukela kumlo oxhobileyo emva kwesigaba sexesha. Oku kwakubangelwa kukusilela koqhanqalazo olungenabundlobongela ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kunye nokwanda kwengcinezelo kunye nobundlobongela obuvela kurhulumente. Kwiminyaka engama-67 yobomi bakhe bezopolitiko, uMandela wakhokela iintshukumo ezininzi, kwaye wabanjwa, wagwetywa kwaye wavalelwa izihlandlo ezahlukeneyo, elona lide kuye kwaba yiminyaka engama-27 entolongweni. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iintlungu zazifanele njengoko unyaka we-1994 waphawula ukuphela kocalucalulo kunye nokubanjwa konyulo lweentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, uMandela waba nguMongameli welizwe (ngaphandle kokuba ngumntu wokuqala omnyama waseMzantsi Afrika ukuba abambe iofisi). Ngokufanelekileyo, yiyo loo nto kubhekiswa kuye ngezihloko ezininzi, kubandakanya 'utata wesizwe', 'utata osungula idemokhrasi', 'umkhululi wesizwe, umsindisi, iWashington kunye neLincoln bazisonga babanye'.Uluhlu olucetyiswayo:Uluhlu olucetyiswayo:
Abantu Abaziwayo Ongabaziyo Ziinkedama Abona bantu banempembelelo kwimbali Abantu abadumileyo abenze ilizwe laba yindawo engcono
Ityala lemifanekiso https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela-2008_(edit).jpg (Mzantsi Afrika Iindaba Ezilungileyo / www.sagoodnews.co.za / CC NGOKU (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0))
Ityala lemifanekiso https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ifayile:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg (Copyright uJohn Mathew Smith 2001)
Ityala lemifanekiso https://www.flickr.com/photos/annie_w/86187141/ (annie_w)
Ityala lemifanekiso https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9pnImBZ_zQ (Iindaba ze-PBS)Wena,GuqulaQhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiAmadoda oMzantsi Afrika KwiYunivesithi yaseLondon KwiYunivesithi yoMzantsi Afrika Ukufuna ezopolitiko Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe ze-BA ngo-1943, uMandela wabhalisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand ukuze aqalise izifundo zakhe zomthetho. Wayengokuphela komthonyama waseAfrika kwiklasi yakhe. UMandela wazimanya ne-ANC phantsi kobunkokheli bukaSisulu, owayesoloko ephembelela uMandela. Kungelo xesha kanye awathi iingcinga zezopolitiko zika Mandela zasekwa. Wazibandakanya nomzabalazo wokulwa ucalucalulo kwaye wade wacebisa ngemfuneko yephiko lolutsha kwi-ANC, eyakhokelela ekusekweni kweAfrican National Congress Youth League (ANCYL), ngeCawe yePasika, nalapho uMandela wayekwikomiti yesigqeba. Ngo-1947, uMandela wachongwa kwisikhundla sokuba nguNobhala kwi-ANCYL. Umbutho ujolise ekuyekiseni amaqhinga amadala ezicelo zezopolitiko kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha zokunqanda, ugwayimbo, ukungathobeli eluntwini kunye nokungasebenzisani, ngeenjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokuba ngummi opheleleyo, ukwabiwa ngokutsha komhlaba, amalungelo emibutho yabasebenzi, kunye nemfundo yasimahla neyinyanzelekileyo kubo bonke abantwana uMandela wonyulwa njengomongameli wesizwe we-ANCYL ngo-1950. Kwisikhundla sakhe esitsha, uMandela waqhubeka nomlo wakhe wokulwa ubuhlanga. Ngaphandle koku, ungene kumfanekiso omkhulu owawuthetha ukusebenzela inkululeko yesizwe. Kwiminyaka emibini ukusukela ngoku, uMandela, ephenjelelwe kakhulu nguGandhi, wabeka indlela yokunganyangeki. Waqulunqa uMkhankaso wokuchasana ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kunye namaNdiya kunye namaqela obuKomanisi. Ukuqala ngeqela labantu abangama-10 000 kuphela, ngaphandle kwamanani amanani andisiwe ukuya kufikelela kwi-100,000. Urhulumente, ukuze alwe neli phulo, wavumela umthetho wezomkhosi kunye nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi. Bade bamnqanda uMongameli we-ANU yaseTransvaal u-J. B. Marks ukuba avele esidlangalaleni, isiphumo soko yayikukuthatha kukaMandela isikhundla sokuba ngumlandeli wakhe. Ngentshukumo yakhe yokulwa ucalucalulo, uMandela wabanjwa amatyeli aliqela. Wagwetywa ngokungathobeli umthetho wobukomanisi kwiPhulo lakhe lokuThobela kwaye wanikwa isigwebo entolongweni ngoJulayi 30, 1952. Ukongeza, wanikwa iinyanga ezintandathu zokuthintelwa ukuya kwiintlanganiso okanye ukuthetha nabantu abaninzi ngexesha. Njengomphumo wokuvalwa, uMandela waqulunqa i-M-Plan okanye isiCwangciso sikaMandela, esasibandakanya ukwahlula umbutho kwisakhiwo sesisele kunye nobunkokheli obuphakathi. Eyona njongo iphambili yesicwangciso yayikukunceda amalungu aphambili e-ANC akwazi ukugcina unxibelelwano olunamandla namalungu ayo ngaphandle kokuya kwiintlanganiso zoluntu. Ngeli xesha, uMandela waluphumelela uviwo lwakhe lweziqinisekiso ukuze abe ligqwetha elipheleleyo. Waqala ukusebenzela inkampani iTerblanche kunye neBriggish, phambi kokuvula eyakhe inkampani yamagqwetha esebenzisana no-Oliver Tambo phantsi kwegama, uMandela noTambo. Ifemu yayiyeyona femu iqhutywa yiAfrika kuphela kwaye yayihlala ijongana namatyala okhohlakala kwamapolisa. Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsi
Izicatshulwa: Ubomi Iinkokeli zomhlaza Iinkokeli zoMzantsi Afrika OoMongameli boMzantsi Afrika Iminyaka kamva Ngomnyaka ka 1955, uMandela waseka iCongress of the People, ethatha inxaxheba kwi South African Indian Congress, iColor People's Congress, South African Congress of Trade Unions kunye ne Congress of Democrats. Eyona njongo iphambili yeli nyathelo yayikukususa abemi boMzantsi Afrika kwaye ubacele ukuba bathumele izindululo malunga nexesha lasemva kocalucalulo. Kwafika izindululo ezininzi ezathi zamiliselwa ukwenza iSikhokhelo senkululeko. Yenziwe nguRusty Bernstein, lo mnqophiso ujolise ekudaleni idemokhrasi, engacaluli ngokobuhlanga kunye nokwenziwa kwemveliso ephambili. Inkomfa yabizwa yaza yazinyaswa ngabathunywa abangama-3000. Nangona kunjalo, ayikhange ibe nemveliso njengoko kungenelele amapolisa. Ngaphandle kokuvalwa amatyeli aliqela, okumthintelayo ekubonakaleni koluntu; UMandela wenza okufanayo nakumaxesha amaninzi. Ukulandela oku, nge-5 kaDisemba ngo-1956, uMandela, kunye nelinye itshantliziyo le-ANC babanjwa ngezizathu zokuvukela urhulumente. Nangona bakhutshelwa ngaphandle kweeveki ezimbini kamva, inkqubo yomthetho yaqala ngoJanuwari 9, 1957 apho ijaji yagqiba kwelokuba sikhona isizathu esaneleyo sokubeka abatyholwa kwiTyala labo. Ityala elathi laphela emva kweminyaka emithandathu, ngo-1961, labhengeza ubumsulwa babamangalelwa laze lababeka ityala lokuba ‘abanatyala’. Ngelixesha, amajoni amaAfrika ayila iqela elitsha phantsi kobunkokheli bukaRobert Sobukwe, nelalibizwa ngokuba yiPan-African Congress (PAC). Umsebenzi ochasene norhulumente wabangela ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, kubandakanya ukuvalelwa kukaMandela kunye nezinye iinkokheli ze-ANC nezePAC kunye nokuvalwa kwale mibutho mibini. Ukusukela ngo-1961 ukuya ngo-1962, uMandela walityhutyha ilizwe lonke efihla isitetimenti sokuhlala ekhaya. Wayekwabandakanyeka ekuququzeleleni isakhiwo esitsha se-ANC - Umkhonto weSizwe okanye ‘Intetho yeSizwe’, eyaziwa njenge-MK. I-MK yayiliphiko le-ANC elixhobileyo kwaye ibibandakanyeka ekusasazeni ubundlobongela obujoliswe kurhulumente. I-MK ihlose ukukhupha uxinzelelo oluphezulu kurhulumente kubangela ubuncinci bobubi kuluntu. Kananjalo, bahlasele ikakhulu ufakelo lomkhosi, izixhobo zombane, iifowuni kunye nezothutho ebusuku. UMandela wanyulwa njengomthunywa we-ANC kwintlanganiso ka-Februwari 1962 ye-Pan-African Freedom Movement ye-East, Central ne-Southern Africa (PAFMECSA). Olu tyelelo lwalunenzuzo nanjengoko uMandela wayechazekile kuhlaziyo lwezopolitiko lwamanye amazwe kwaye wadibana namatshantliziyo, iintatheli kunye nezopolitiko. Ukongeza, wakwazi ukuqokelela ezinye iimali ezifunekayo kwizixhobo zeMK. Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsiAmadoda omhlaza Ukuvalelwa ubomi ejele Ukubuyela kwakhe eMzantsi Afrika, uMandela wabanjwa ngenxa yokuphuma elizweni ngokungekho mthethweni waze wagwetywa iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni. Ukuvalelwa kwakhe kwathothisa ukuba kube kukugwetywa ubomi kukaMandela nanjengoko wagwetywa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezenzeka ngexa wayekhokele umzabalazo we-ANC. Wathunyelwa kwintolongo yase Robben Island, eyona ntolongo ikhuselekileyo kwisiqithi esincinci kufutshane neKapa, apho wachitha khona phantse iminyaka eli 18 kwisigwebo sakhe seminyaka engama 27. Emva koku, watshintshelwa kwintolongo yase Pollsmoor eKapa ze kamva wavalelwa kwintolongo yase Victor Verster kufutshane nase Paarl. Nangona uMandela wanikwa inkululeko kwizihlandlo ezibini ngokutshintshela kwisikhundla sakhe kwezopolitiko, akazange avume ukuyamkela loo nto. Wema ngoluvo lwakhe ukuba inkululeko yabucala yayingancedi ngantoni ukuba umbutho wabantu uhlala uvaliwe. 
Izicatshulwa: Uloyiko,Mna Ubomi emva koko Umongameli welizwe u-FW de Klerk wasusa isibhengezo kwi-ANC kwaye wabhengeza ukukhululwa kuka-Nelson Mandela entolongweni nge-2 ka-Februwari 1990. Iminyaka yakhe ejele ayikhange iwenze buthathaka umoya wokulwa kuye, nanjengoko uMandela wabhengeza ukuzibophelela kwakhe ekuziseni uxolo uninzi lwabamnyama kwaye lubanike ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo. Ubuyele kubunkokheli be-ANCF waphinda waqalisa e-ofisini njengo-Mongameli onyuliweyo we-ANC, kwikomkhulu lakhe eShell House. Ngothethathethwano lwamaqela amaninzi, wathethathethana nolonyulo lokuqala lweentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Nangona abaMhlophe boMzantsi Afrika babezimisele ukwabelana ngegunya, abamnyama bafuna ulawulo olupheleleyo nokudluliselwa kwamandla. Ngenxa yoku, kwaqhuma uqhushululu. Nangona kunjalo, uMandela wasebenzela ukufezekisa uxinzelelo olunobuzaza koxinzelelo lwezopolitiko kunye nothethathethwano olunamandla phakathi kwemikhosi exhobileyo. Ngo-1994, uMzantsi Afrika wabamba unyulo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi. Iziphumo zonyulo zazivuna uMandela owahamba wayokuba nguMongameli wokuqala omnyama welizwe. Njengo Mongameli, uMandela wasebenza imini nobusuku kulungiselelwa ukutshintshwa kolawulo oluncinci lwabantsundu lube uninzi lwabamnyama. Uphelise umthetho wocalu-calulo kwaye waseka uMgaqo-siseko omtsha, ekuthi kuwo urhulumente olomeleleyo osekwe kumgaqo wesininzi wenziwe oqinisekisa amalungelo abantu abambalwa kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha. Qhubeka nokufunda apha ngezantsi Wazisa ngohlaziyo olutsha kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ukukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa komhlaba, ukulwa nentlupheko nokwandisa iinkonzo zokhathalelo lwempilo. Kwiqonga lamazwe aphesheya, uMandela wakhonza njengomlamli eLibya nase-United Kingdom kwaye wajonga ungenelelo lomkhosi eLesotho Emva kwekota yakhe yokuqala eyimpumelelo, uMandela walile ukungenela ikota yesibini kwaye warhoxa kwezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, uqhubekile nokuzibandakanya ngaphambili kwezentlalo njengoko wayeqokelela imali yokwakha izikolo kunye namaziko ezempilo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zoMzantsi Afrika. Waseka iMandela Foundation kwaye wasebenza njengomlamli kwimfazwe yamakhaya yaseBurundi. Imisebenzi emikhulu UMandela wayelilungu lokuqala le-ANC Youth League. Kwakungexesha lenkonzo yakhe kwi-ANCYL awathi waguqula umbutho ukusuka kwingcambu zawo, ezilahla zonke iindlela ezindala esebenzisa iindlela ezintsha zokuduba, ukugwayimba, ukungathobeli eluntwini kunye nokungasebenzisani. Eyona njongo yakhe yayikukubulala ubuhlanga, ukuvumela ubumi obupheleleyo ebantwini, ukwaba umhlaba kwakhona, ukunika amalungelo emanyano yabasebenzi, kunye nokubonelela ngemfundo yasimahla neyinyanzelekileyo kubo bonke abantwana. Waphakama wabalasela ngePhulo lakhe lokuDelela ngo-1952 kunye neCongress of the People ngo-1955. Eli phulo lalibandakanya isenzo esingenabundlobongela sokuchasa urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wobuhlanga. Wayengumseki we-Umkhonto weSizwe okanye i 'Spear of the Nation', eyaziwa njenge MK. Enye yesisele se-ANC, yayizinikele ekuboniseni isenzo sobundlobongela kurhulumente. Amabhaso kunye neMpumelelo UNelson Mandela uzuze ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize, awalifumana kunye no-de Klerk ngo-1993. Wanikezela eli bhaso kuMahatma Gandhi, awayenempembelelo kuye. Ngo-2009, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yabhengeza usuku lokuzalwa lukaMandela ‘njengoSuku lukaMandela’, njengelinge lokunika imbeko nokuzukisa umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kumbutho ochasene nocalucalulo. UKumkanikazi uElizabeth II wahombisa uMandela ngokunika uBailiff Grand Cross we-Order yase-St. John kunye ne-Order of Merit. UMandela waba kuphela komntu ophilayo owanikwa iwonga lokuba ngummi wase Canada xa efumana iMbasa yase Canada. Qhubeka nokuFunda apha ngezantsi Ubomi boBuntu kunye neLifa UNelson Mandela wabopha iqhina kathathu ebomini bakhe. Eyokuqala yayiye kuEvelyn Ntoko Mase ngo-Okthobha u-1944. Iminyaka eli-13 yomanyano yaphela xa u-evelyn etyhola uMandela ngezizathu zokukrexeza nokungabikho rhoqo. Esi sibini sasinabantwana abane, oonyana ababini kunye neentombi ezimbini, kubo babini kuphela abasindayo ngoku. Ngomnyaka ka 1958, uMandela waya epasejini okwesibini ecaleni kuka Winnie Madikizela-Mandela. Esi sibini sasikelelwa ziintombi ezimbini. Aba babini bohlukana ngo-1992 emva koko bathi ekugqibeleni baqhawula umtshato ngo-1996. Ngo-1998, uMandela waphinda watshata noGraca Machel (nee Simbine), umhlolokazi kaSamora Machel, ngenxa yokuzalwa kweminyaka engama-80. Ukusukela ngo-2004, uMandela wahlupheka ngenxa yeemeko zempilo eziwohlokayo, ezaye zisiba mandundu ngo-2011 xa wayelaliswa esibhedlele ngenxa yokugula. UMandela walaliswa esibhedlele amatyeli aliqela ukusukela ngoko kwaye waphefumla okokugqibela ngoDisemba 5, 2013. Inqaku Nangona esaziwa njengoNelson Mandela, igama lakhe alifani negama lakhe elibhaptiziweyo. Wayengumongameli wokuqala onyuliweyo woMzantsi Afrika. WayenguMongameli wokuqala omnyama welizwe. EMzantsi Afrika, waziwa ngamagama athi, 'utata wesizwe', 'utata wentando yesininzi', 'umkhululi wesizwe, umsindisi, iWashington kunye neLincoln bazisonga babanye'. Iinkcukacha ezili-10 eziPhezulu obungazi ngoNelson Mandela UNelson Mandela waba lilungu lokuqala losapho lwakhe ukuya esikolweni. Yena, kunye no-Oliver Tambo, baseka ifemu yokuqala yamagqwetha eMzantsi Afrika eyayiphethwe ngabantu abamnyama ngo-1952. Isitya sikaNelson sikaMandela esasithandwa kakhulu sasisisixwexwe-esiswini sezilwanyana zasefama. Wayedla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguBlack Pimpernel ngokukwazi kwakhe ukuziguqula ukuze aphephe ukubanjwa. Wayehlala esenza izinto eziguqula umntu osebenza ebaleni, umqhubi, okanye umpheki. Wayethetha kakhulu kwaye eyila indlela yokudlulisa amanqaku afihlakeleyo kwamanye amabanjwa ngexa wayevalelwe eRobben Island. Wayekholelwa ekubeni ezemidlalo ziluncedo olukhulu ekuziseni ilizwe elahluleleneyo ngokobuhlanga. Umqokeleli wenkuni ngaphambili, u-Australopicus nelsonmandelai, wabizwa ngegama lakhe. UMandela wayekade ekuluhlu lwaboyikisi baseMelika ngenxa yomlo wakhe wokulwa ucalucalulo. UNelson Mandela wabonakala kwi-cameo njengotitshala wesikolo kwi-movie ye-1992 ethi 'Malcolm X'. UMandela wayengumamkeli wamabhaso angaphezu kwama-250, kuquka izidanga zembeko ezivela kwiiyunivesithi ezingaphezu kwama-50 kwihlabathi liphela.
